tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71884883640396207942024-03-08T08:41:04.068-08:00gkvivekAlicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-42918294875933311532021-02-23T22:37:00.001-08:002021-02-23T22:37:01.383-08:0019)71st Republic Day 2020 highlights| Beating retreat ceremony from Attari-Wagah border on Republic Day
<a href=https//indiarepublicday.com/><b>India Republic Day</b></a> -- India celebrates its 71st Republic Day right now. On this day in 1950the Constitution of Indian came into force. The Republic Day paradewhich is considered as the main attraction of the days celebrationwas held along Rajpath. It was a 90-minute event. Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro was the chief guest in the parade. Before the parade beganPrime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute at the Nationwide War Memorial and Leader Ram Nath Kovind unfurled the national flag along with General Manoj Mukund NaravaneChief of the Army PersonnelAdmiral Karambir SinghPrimary of the Naval StaffMarshal Rakesh Kumar Singh BhadauriaChief of the Air Personnel.<br><br>
5 41 PM IST
PM Narendra Modi gets to Rashtrapati Bhawan for At home reception hosted by President Ram Nath Kovind.
<br><br>
5 12 pm IST
Beating retreat ceremony with Attari-Wagah border on Republic Day.
<br><br>
4 36 pm IST
Air India Directs 30000 National Flags To Passengers On Republic Day
<br><br>
The national transporter Air India celebrated the actual 71st Republic Day by distributing 30000 Indian flags made of eco-friendly seed starting paper among the passengers with airports in metro urban centers and Srinagar on Sunday.
<br><br>
4 27 pm IST
JNUs first girls NCC battalion present guard involving honour to VC upon Republic Day
<br><br>
The girls unit of the National Dernier-né Corpsnewly established in the Jawaharlal Nehru University hereon Sunday presented shield of honour to Dérèglement Chancellor M Jagdesh Kumar at the varsity on the special occasion of Republic Day.
<br><br>
a few 50 pm IST
Position ovation to 49 little heroes on Republic Mo
ment
<br><br>
Spectators of Republic Morning parade at Rajpath provided a standing ovation for the 49 little heroes from the country who came in ornamented jeeps.
<br><br>
The people tried to match these 49 children20 girls and 31 young boyswho were honoured with the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar for the their exceptional achievements.
<br><br>
3 13 pm IST
PM Modi shares glimpses from Rajpath on Republic Day.
<br><br>
3 04 pm IST
PM Modi thanks a lot Maldives president and Sri Lankan PM for Republic Day wishes
<br><br>
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday thanked the president involving Maldives and the prime minister of Sri Lanka with regard to their Republic Day greetingsdeclaring New Delhi cherished the actual deep-rooted friendship with the two countries.
<br><br>
3 01 pm IST
School students carry out traditional dance forms
<br><br>
Young children from different parts of the country performed various traditional Indian dancing forms at the 71st Republic Day parade in Delhi on Sunday.
<br><br>
2 fityfive pm IST
<br><br>
Bangladesh Leader Abdul Hamid and Excellent Minister Sheikh Hasina upon Sunday greeted people involving India on the occasion from the countrys 71st Republic Morning.
<br><br>
2 53 pm IST
Delhi Tableau of Goa depicts its extensive coastline complete with its biodiversity
<br><br>
Delhi Tableau of Goa describes its extensive seashore complete with its biodiversity and livelihoods and the tableau of Odisha showcases Rukuna Ratha Yatra of Lord Lingaraja who may be worshipped as Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu (Harihara)in Lingaraj Temple with Bhubaneswar.
<br><br>
2 31 pm IST
<br><br>
In a firstvirtually all mosques in Kerala visible Tricolur on Republic Morning on Sunday. A picture from Palayam Juma Masjid in state capital Thiruvan
anthapuram. Many Muslim organizations include exhorted believers to celebrate Republic Day to give a message all over.
<br><br>
In a firstalmost all mosques in Kerala hosted Tricolur on Republic Day ( HT Photo/Vivek R Nair )
1 55 pm IST
Women grab spotlight at Indias Republic Morning pageantry
<br><br>
In Rajpaths twelve-monthly pomp-filled spectacle of armed service might featuring army tankshorses and camels this coming yearwomen took the centre-stage.
<br><br>
Inspector Seema Nag saluted the gathered VIPs because she led her guy bikersone precariously situated at the top of a ladder wedged behind her vehicles handlebars.
<br><br>
And in front of the guests of honour Brazils Leader Jair BolsonaroCaptain Tania Shergilla fourth-generation armed service officerled an all-male Corps of Signals armed service communications contingent. AFP
<br><br>
a single 40 pm IST
Sikkim a model state for others to emulate Governor Ganga Prasad
<br><br>
Governor Ganga Prasad in his speech after unfurling the national flag in a function in Sikkim claimed the state has become a model status for others to emulate intended for maintaining peace and harmony. Sikkim has assimilated growthpeaceharmony and protection. There is no problem like public riots or strikes from the state. Its a model status for others to emulate he said.
<br><br>
1 15 pm IST
BSF hoists national flag at Attari-Wagah border on Republic Morning
<br><br>
The Border Security Drive (BSF) on Sunday tidied the customary flag hoisting ceremony at the Attari-Wagah national boundaries in Amritsar on Republic Day.
<br><br>
12 50 pm IST
ULFA-I c
alls for termes conseillés on Republic Day within Guwahati
<br><br>
Security personnel stood shield at roads in Guwahati on Republic Day because ULFA (I) called for some sort of shutdown on Sunday.
<br><br>
12 30 pm IST
Cell phone services snappedRepublic Morning celebrated in Jammu along with Kashmir amid tight protection
<br><br>
Suspension of mobile phone providers as a precautionary measure upon Republic Day in Kashmir comes a few hours after mobile data services were restored from the valley in Saturday.
<br><br>
In the mean timeamid tight securityRepublic day was celebrated within Jammu and Kashmir first-time after the abrogation of Document 370 and after the bifurcation of the erstwhile state into two union territories upon August 5.
<br><br>
12 2009 pm IST
Grenades lobbed in eastern Assam by separatists Police
<br><br>
Police claimed five grenades were lobbed in the eastern Assam status by separatis
t militants who may have routinely boycotted the Republic Day celebrations. No one has been injuredpolice said. AP
<br><br>
12 01 pm IST
Brazilian Presidents visit furthermore aimed at strengthening ties
<br><br>
In addition to attending the Republic Morning celebrationsBrazilian President
Jair Bolsonaros visit is also directed at strengthening trade and investment ties across a range of job areas between the two countries.
<br><br>
10 50 am IST
PM HOURS Modi sports saffron turban on 71st Republic Morning
<br><br>
Continuing his tradition involving donning colourful turbans upon Republic Day and Liberty Day celebrationsPrime Minister Narendra Modi sported some sort of saffron bandhej headgear along with a tail for the 71st Republic Day. PTI
<br><br>
11 forty am IST
<br><br>
President Kovind and chief guest Less-known brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro still have Rajpath for Rashtrapati Bhawan. PM Modi has also left Rajpath.
<br><br>
11 30 in the morning IST
<br><br>
Republic Day parade concluded with IAFs fantastic show. President saluted typically the cavalry as national anthem played in the background.
<br><br>
11 twenty six am IST
Vic creationcomprising three Dornier jetseen at Rajpath
<br><br>
Wing Commander SK Chauhan prospects the Vic formationcomprising three Dornier aircraft. Often the captains of the other two aircraft are Squadron Head Vikas Kumar and Squadron Leader Abhishek Vashisht.
<br><br>
10 22 am IST
<br><br>
Dhanush
gun systemApacheChinook helicopters on display intended for first time
<br><br>
11 18 in the morning IST
<br><br>
Women CRPF motor biker team performs daredevil stunts for the first time.
<br><br>
11 12 in the morning IST
<br><br>
Delhi school young children try to describe the beauty of Rajasthan through a performance.
<br><br>
11 summer am IST
School young children begin cultural performance
<br><br>
Institution kids have begun all their performance on various topics such as YogaFreedom.
<br><br>
10 57 am IST
Gurunanaks message of universal oneness showcased on Punjab cadre.
<br><br>
10 52 am IST
Karnatak
a tableau was and union territory J-Ks cadre. J-Ks theme was back to village.
<br><br>
0 24 am IST
MeghalayaRajasthan tableaux on Rajpathand UPs
<br><br>
MeghalayaRajasthan tableaux were showcased on Rajpathfollowed by UPs tableau which had dancers performing Kathak.
<br><br>
10 46 am IST
Dancers decorate Odisha cadre
<br><br>
Odisha tableau was ornamented with dancers from the status.
<br><br>
10 45 am IST
Goa tableau on Rajpath
<br><br>
Goa tableau has audio from the state and a huge frog with a guitar.
<br><br>
10 43 am IST
Himachal PradeshMadhya Pradesh tableaux on Rajpath
<br><br>
These tableaux showcase the lives involving tribes.
<br><br>
10 42 in the morning IST
Assam tableau bears the state culture along as a general rule things on display are constructed of cane or bamboo.
<br><br>
10 41 am IST
<br><br>
RajasthanTelangana tableaux on Rajpath
<br><br>
10 40 am IST
<br><br>
Tell a wo
man she cant do itand she will show you how its done!! Captain Tanya Shergila 4th Generation #Army Officer prospects Corps of Signals walking contingent tweeted PIB.
<br><br>
10 39 am
IST
<br><br>
Tamil Nadus tableau is already on Rajpath.
<br><br>
10 35 am IST
<br><br>
NSS walking contingent is on Rajpath.
<br><br>
10 36 am IST
<br><br>
Mobile phone services snapped within Kashmir as precautionary determine for ensuring smooth passing of Republic Day festivitiessay officials. PTI
<br><br>
10 35 am IST
<br><br>
NCC cade
nts march past upon Rajpath.
<br><br>
10 32 in the morning IST
<br><br>
Delhi Polices walking contingent is now on Rajpath. Since 1950this contingent has been a part of Republic Morning parade every year.
<br><br>
10 tenty-seventh am IST
<br><br>
CRPF walking contingent marches past.
<br><br>
10 25 am IST
<br><br>
Military pilot marching contingent marches to help Sound Barrierfollowed by Military pilot tableau. The theme of the actual tableau is cutting edge.
<br><br>
10 23 am IST
<br><br>
Naval tab
leau showcasing the actual might and power of the actual navy. It also showcases navys commitment to nation creating.
<br><br>
10 22 am IST
<br><br>
Naval marching contingent march past saluting dias.
<br><br>
10 19 am IST
<br><br>
Republic
Day parade at Dadar TT circle in Mumbai.
<br><br>
Republic Day parade with Dadar TT circle within Mumbai ( Pratik Chorge )
<br><br>
10 15 in the morning IST
<br><br>
First marching contingentParachute Regimentmarches recent Rajpath.
<br><br>
10 07 in the morning IST
<br><br>
Women CRPF motor biker team is going to perform daredevil stunts for the first time today.
<br><br>
10 06 am IST
<br><br>
Dhanush gun systemApache in addition to Chinook helicopters will be shown for the first time today.
<br><br>
10 05 am IST
<br><br>
MI-17 V-
5 helicopters fly past in addition to shower flowers at Rajpath.
<br><br>
10 04 am IST
Parade about to begin. Indias military mightdiscipline being showcased
<br><br>
Anti-satellite weapon ShakthiArmys battle tank BhishmaChinook helicopter and Apache helicopter of the Indian Military pilot will be a part of the military parade.
<br><br>
10 01 am IST
President unfurls flagnational anthem plays amid 21-gun salute
<br><br>
President Ram Nath Kovind has unfurled the actual flag and the national anthem has been played amid 21-gun salute.
<br><br>
9 55 in the morning IST
<br><br>
President Ram Nath KovindBrazilian President Jair Bolsonaro reach Rajpath. PM HOURS Narendra Modi and chief of the three defence causes welcomed them and escorted them to the presidential encloser.
<br><br>
9 54 am IST
<br><br>
Vice President Venkaiah Naidu gets to Rajpath.
<br><br>
9 51 in the morning IST
<br><br>
PM Modi offers reached the Rajpath.
<br><br>
on the lookout for 46 am IST
<br><br>
Leader KovindBrazilian President Jair Bolsonaro have emerged in the Rashtrapati Bhawan.
<br><br>
9 42 am IST
<br><br>
PM Modi pens down his woman on the ceremonial book.
<br><br>
on the lookout for 39 am IST
<br><br>
PM HOURS Modi pays tribute to help martyrs at National Warfare Museum ahead of parade.
<br><br>
in search of 35 am IST
PM HOURS Modi reaches National Warfare Museum
<br><br>
Chief of the Affiliate marketer Staff General Manoj Mukund NaravaneChief of the Transatlántico Staff Admiral Karambir SinghChief of the Air Personnel Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria welcome PM Modi and Rajnath Singh.
<br><br>
on the lookout for 30 am IST
Rahul Gandhi greets nation upon Republic Day
<br><br>
9 thirty am IST
<br><br>
Chief Minister of Delhi Arvind Kejriwal hoisted the national hole at his residence.
<br><br>
on the lookout for 05 am IST
Rajnath S
ingh hoists the national flag at his residence
<br><br>
Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh hoisted the national flag at his residence.
<br><br>
9 00 am
IST
<br><br>
Republic Day parade is placed to begin at Rajpath.
<br><br>
6 50 am IST
TN celebrates R-Day with patriotic fervour
<br><br>
Republic Day parade is underway at Kamarajar Road off Marina Seaside in Chennai.
<br><br>
8 40 am IST
Over 2000 traffic personnel deployed intended for smooth flow of targeted traffic
<br><br>
More than 2000 traffic law enforcement personnel have been deployed intended for smooth flow of targeted traffic and for the facilitation involving spectators and visitors to the actual venue. Adequate security in addition to traffic arrangements for the At Home function
at Rashtrapati Bhawan have also been made.
<br><br>
8 30 am IST
Capital within four-layer security arrangement intended for Republic Day
<br><br>
Thousands of people who are employed in the security industryfacial recognition systemdrones and CCTV cameras are actually put in place as part of Delhi Polices security arrangements.
<br><br>
We possess a four-layer security arrangement. Interiormiddleouter and one on the border areas across the national capital. Around 5000 to help 6000 Delhi Police employees have been deployed in Br
and new Delhi district along with 50 companies of paramilitary causes deputy commissioner involving police (New Delhi Zone) Eish Singhal was quotes as saying by reports agency PTI.
<br><br>
8 30 am IST
Constitutions internal lies in freedoms guaranteed within the Part IIItweets R Chidambaram
<br><br>
Happy Republic Morning. The soul of the Metabolic rate lies in the freedoms confirmed in Part III of the Metabolic rate tweets P Chidambaram.
<br><br>
8 10 am IST
Cops vigilant against protesters who might carry placards to parade
<br><br>
Tight protection has been put in place in the area surrounding Rajpath. In the wake involving anti-CAA and anti-NRC
protestsDelhi Police will keep a watch out for people clothed within black and those trying to achieve India Gate carrying placards or messages related to the actual Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) or the National Register involving Citizens (NRC).
<br><br>
8 2008 am IST
<br><br>
22 tablea
ux16 from different says and six from different government ministrieswill be shown as part of the parade.
<br><br>
7 fityfive am IST
<br><br>
Delhi Metro parking facilities which have been turn from 6 00 are on 25th January will continue closed till 2 00 pm on 26th January at all metro stations.
<br><br>
6 49 am IST
<br><br>
To facilitate the public attending the actual Republic Day paradethe below corridors which begin operations at 8 00 in the morning on Sundays will start at 6 00 in the morning on 26 January 2020.
<br><br>
7 42 am IST
Entry/exit gates to the following stations will remain closed for any short period on 26th January 2020.
<br><br>
Central Secretariat in addition to Udyog Bhawan will be closed till 12 pm. Lokomotive Kalyan Marg and Patel Chowk will be closed via 8 45 am to help 12 pm. Interchange facility will be available at Central Secretariat.
<br><br>
7 39 am IST
Let us re
call exactly what our forefathers solemnly settledwhat they have bequeathed to help us and what we enjoy and honour today tweeted PIB.
<br><br>
7 thirty four am IST
<br><br>
Indias armed service mightcultural diversitysociable and economic progress
will probably be on display during 71st Republic Day Parade 2020 at the majestic Rajpath tweeted Press Information Department.
<br><br>
7 28 am IST
People reach Rajpath to view Republic Day parade dwell
People ha
ve flooded Rajpath to select the parade live. They have already been recently seated in order to avoid last-minute dysfunction.
<br><br>
People seated along Rajpath ( Arvind Yadav/HT )
7 25 am
IST
Students take out tricolour march on eve of Republic Day
Students of IIT Bombay took out a tricolour march on their campus within the eve of Republic Morning.
<br><br>
7 20 am IST
Patriotism reflects in spiritual practices in Uttarakhand
<br><br>
Plants offered to the deity while in morning prayers at Rishikeshs Chandreshwar Mahadev Temple within Uttarakhand on the occasion involving Republic Day.
<br><br>
7 15 am IST
PM Modi greets nation on Republic Day
<br><br>
7 10 feel IST
<br><br>
The C-Hexagon all around India Gate will remain closed from 2 am upon January 26 till the bottom of the parade. Besidestargeted traffic on Tilak MargBahadur Shah Zafar Marg in addition to Netaji Subhash Road is definitely not allowed from 5 in the morning till the parade has concludeda traffic advisory released by Delhi Traffic Law enforcement officials said.
<br><br>
6 57 in the morning IST
Traffic restrictions apply
<br><br>
Restrictio
ns on the movement involving traffic in the national money has been put in place. No cross-traffic was allowed on Rajpath from 11 pm a prior weekend not too long ago at Rafi MargJanpath and Mansingh Road until finally the Republic Day Celebration is over.
<br><br>
6 50 in the morning IST
Ashoka ChakraKirti Chakra to be awarded to help courageous youth
<br><br>
President Random access memory Nath Kovind will honor Ashoka Chakra and Kirti Cha
kra to youth intended for displaying courage away from the actual battlefield.
<br><br>
6 45 in the morning IST
Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro to be chief guests at parade
<br><br>
6 38 am IST
PM Modi
to pay tribute at Nationwide War Memorial before parade
<br><br>
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will pay tributes at the Nationwide War Memorial before the parade starts along Rajpath.
<br><br>
6 34 am IST
<br><br>
Republic Day parade will begin with 9 am today. Its expected to go on till 10. 30 am.
<br><br>
6 fifty am IST
<br><br>
India will celebrate its 71st Republic Day today. The Metabolic rate of India came into drive on this day in 1950.Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-51651552005437386012021-01-16T05:54:00.001-08:002021-01-16T05:54:23.151-08:00OpenAI<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2717" data-file-width="5408" decoding="async" height="191" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/380px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/570px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/760px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" width="380"/><br/><br/><br/><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°45′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°24′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7623°N 122.4148°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7623; -122.4148</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p><p><b>OpenAI</b> is an artificial intelligence research laboratory consisting of the for-profit corporation <b>OpenAI LP</b> and its parent company, the non-profit <b>OpenAI Inc.</b> The company, considered a competitor to DeepMind, conducts research in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) with the stated goal of promoting and developing friendly AI in a way that benefits humanity as a whole. The organization was founded in San Francisco in late 2015 by Elon Musk, Sam Altman, and others, who collectively pledged US$1 billion. Musk resigned from the board in February 2018 but remained a donor. In 2019, OpenAI LP received a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 billion investment from Microsoft.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-29478796884563500492021-01-16T05:53:00.005-08:002021-01-16T05:53:55.122-08:00History<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2717" data-file-width="5408" decoding="async" height="191" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/380px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/570px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/760px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" width="380"/><br/><br/><br/><p>In October 2015, Elon Musk, Sam Altman, and other investors announced the formation of OpenAI and pledged over <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 billion to the venture. The organization stated they would "freely collaborate" with other institutions and researchers by making its patents and research open to the public.
</p><p>On April 27, 2016, OpenAI released a public beta of "OpenAI Gym", its platform for reinforcement learning research.
</p><p>On December 5, 2016, OpenAI released Universe, a software platform for measuring and training an AI's general intelligence across the world's supply of games, websites and other applications.
</p><p>On February 21, 2018, Musk resigned his board seat, citing "a potential future conflict (of interest)" with Tesla AI development for self driving cars, but remained a donor.
</p><p>In 2019, OpenAI transitioned from non-profit to for-profit. The company distributed equity to its employees and partnered with Microsoft Corporation, who announced an investment package of US$1 billion into the company. OpenAI then announced its intention to commercially license its technologies, with Microsoft as its preferred partner.
</p><p>As of 2020, OpenAI is headquartered in San Francisco's Mission District, and shares the former Pioneer Trunk Factory building with Neuralink, another company co-founded by Musk.
</p><p>In June 2020, OpenAI announced GPT-3, a language model trained on trillions of words from the Internet. It also announced that an associated API, named simply "the API", would form the heart of its first commercial product. GPT-3 is aimed at natural language answering of questions, but it can also translate between languages and coherently generate improvised text.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Participants">Participants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><ul><li>CEO: Sam Altman, former president of the startup accelerator Y Combinator</li>
<li>Ilya Sutskever, Research director, a former Google expert on machine learning</li>
<li>CTO: Greg Brockman, former CTO of Stripe</li></ul><p>Other backers of the project include:
</p><ul><li>Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder</li>
<li>Peter Thiel, PayPal co-founder</li>
<li>Jessica Livingston, a founding partner of Y Combinator</li></ul><p>Companies:
</p><ul><li>Infosys, an Indian IT firm</li>
<li>Microsoft's cloud services division</li></ul><p>The group started in early January 2016 with nine researchers. According to <i>Wired</i>, Brockman met with Yoshua Bengio, one of the "founding fathers" of the deep learning movement, and drew up a list of the "best researchers in the field". Microsoft's Peter Lee stated that the cost of a top AI researcher exceeds the cost of a top NFL quarterback prospect. While OpenAI pays corporate-level (rather than nonprofit-level) salaries, it doesn't currently pay AI researchers salaries comparable to those of Facebook or Google. Nevertheless, Sutskever stated that he was willing to leave Google for OpenAI "partly of because of the very strong group of people and, to a very large extent, because of its mission." Brockman stated that "the best thing that I could imagine doing was moving humanity closer to building real AI in a safe way." OpenAI researcher Wojciech Zaremba stated that he turned down "borderline crazy" offers of two to three times his market value to join OpenAI instead.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-4976559244331564152021-01-16T05:53:00.003-08:002021-01-16T05:53:36.730-08:00Motives<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" width="220"/><br/><br/><br/><p>Some scientists, such as Stephen Hawking and Stuart Russell, have articulated concerns that if advanced AI someday gains the ability to re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate, an unstoppable "intelligence explosion" could lead to human extinction. Musk characterizes AI as humanity's "biggest existential threat." OpenAI's founders structured it as a non-profit so that they could focus its research on creating a positive long-term human impact.
</p><p>Musk and Altman have stated they are motivated in part by concerns about the existential risk from artificial general intelligence. OpenAI states that "it's hard to fathom how much human-level AI could benefit society," and that it is equally difficult to comprehend "how much it could damage society if built or used incorrectly". Research on safety cannot safely be postponed: "because of AI's surprising history, it's hard to predict when human-level AI might come within reach." OpenAI states that AI "should be an extension of individual human wills and, in the spirit of liberty, as broadly and evenly distributed as possible...", and which sentiment has been expressed elsewhere in reference to a potentially enormous class of AI-enabled products: "Are we really willing to let our society be infiltrated by autonomous software and hardware agents whose details of operation are known only to a select few? Of course not." Co-chair Sam Altman expects the decades-long project to surpass human intelligence.
</p><p>Vishal Sikka, former CEO of Infosys, stated that an "openness" where the endeavor would "produce results generally in the greater interest of humanity" was a fundamental requirement for his support, and that OpenAI "aligns very nicely with our long-held values" and their "endeavor to do purposeful work". Cade Metz of <i>Wired</i> suggests that corporations such as Amazon may be motivated by a desire to use open-source software and data to level the playing field against corporations such as Google and Facebook that own enormous supplies of proprietary data. Altman states that Y Combinator companies will share their data with OpenAI.
</p><p>In 2019, OpenAI became a for profit company called OpenAI LP to secure additional funding while staying controlled by a non-profit called OpenAI Inc in a structure that OpenAI calls "capped-profit", having previously been a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-58474353912034345102021-01-16T05:53:00.001-08:002021-01-16T05:53:17.451-08:00Strategy<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" width="220"/><br/><br/><br/><p>Musk posed the question: "what is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a way that is safe and is beneficial to humanity." Musk acknowledged that "there is always some risk that in actually trying to advance (friendly) AI we may create the thing we are concerned about"; nonetheless, the best defense is "to empower as many people as possible to have AI. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower."
</p><p>Musk and Altman's counter-intuitive strategy of trying to reduce the risk that AI will cause overall harm, by giving AI to everyone, is controversial among those who are concerned with existential risk from artificial intelligence. Philosopher Nick Bostrom is skeptical of Musk's approach: "If you have a button that could do bad things to the world, you don't want to give it to everyone." During a 2016 conversation about the technological singularity, Altman said that "we don't plan to release all of our source code" and mentioned a plan to "allow wide swaths of the world to elect representatives to a new governance board". Greg Brockman stated that "Our goal right now... is to do the best thing there is to do. It's a little vague."
</p><p>Conversely, OpenAI's initial decision to withhold GPT-2 due to a wish to "err on the side of caution" in the presence of potential misuse, has been criticized by advocates of openness. Delip Rao, an expert in text generation, stated "I don't think OpenAI spent enough time proving GPT- was actually dangerous." Other critics argued that open publication is necessary to replicate the research and to be able to come up with countermeasures.
</p><p>In the 2017 tax year, OpenAI spent US$7.9 million, or a quarter of its functional expenses, on cloud computing alone. In comparison, DeepMind's total expenses in 2017 were much larger, measuring US$442 million. In Summer 2018, simply training OpenAI's <i>Dota 2</i> bots required renting 128,000 CPUs and 256 GPUs from Google for multiple weeks. According to OpenAI, the capped-profit model adopted in March 2019 allows OpenAI LP to legally attract investment from venture funds, and in addition, to grant employees stakes in the company, the goal being that they can say "I'm going to Open AI, but in the long term it's not going to be disadvantageous to us as a family." Many top researchers work for Google Brain, DeepMind, or Facebook, Inc., which offer stock options that a nonprofit would be unable to. In June 2019, OpenAI LP raised a billion dollars from Microsoft, a sum which OpenAI plans to have spent "within five years, and possibly much faster". Altman has stated that even a billion dollars may turn out to be insufficient, and that the lab may ultimately need "more capital than any non-profit has ever raised" to achieve AGI.
</p><p>The transition from a nonprofit to a capped-profit company was viewed with skepticism by Oren Etzioni of the nonprofit Allen Institute for AI, who agreed that wooing top researchers to a nonprofit is difficult, but stated "I disagree with the notion that a nonprofit can't compete" and pointed to successful low-budget projects by OpenAI and others. "If bigger and better funded was always better, then IBM would still be number one." Following the transition, public disclosure of the compensation of top employees at OpenAI LP is no longer legally required. The nonprofit, OpenAI Inc., is the sole controlling shareholder of OpenAI LP. OpenAI LP, despite being a for-profit company, retains a formal fiduciary responsibility to OpenAI's Inc.'s nonprofit charter. A majority of OpenAI Inc.'s board is barred from having financial stakes in OpenAI LP. In addition, minority members with a stake in OpenAI LP are barred from certain votes due to conflict of interest. Some researchers have argued that OpenAI LP's switch to for-profit status is inconsistent with OpenAI's claims to be "democratizing" AI. A journalist in Vice News wrote that "generally, we've never been able to rely on venture capitalists to better humanity".
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-37365374629351491522021-01-16T05:52:00.003-08:002021-01-16T05:52:56.206-08:00Products and applications<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" width="220"/><br/><br/><br/><p>OpenAI's research tend to focus on reinforcement learning. OpenAI is viewed as an important competitor to DeepMind.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gym">Gym</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>Gym aims to provide an easy to set up, general-intelligence benchmark with a wide variety of different environments—somewhat akin to, but broader than, the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge used in supervised learning research—and that hopes to standardize the way in which environments are defined in AI research publications, so that published research becomes more easily reproducible. The project claims to provide the user with a simple interface. As of June<span class="nowrap"> </span>2017, Gym can only be used with Python. As of September 2017, the Gym documentation site was not maintained, and active work focused instead on its GitHub page.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="RoboSumo">RoboSumo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>In "RoboSumo", virtual humanoid "metalearning" robots initially lack knowledge of how to even walk, and given the goals of learning to move around, and pushing the opposing agent out of the ring. Through this adversarial learning process, the agents learn how to adapt to changing conditions; when an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to balance in a generalized way. OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argues for that competition between agents can create an intelligence "arms race" that can increase an agent's ability to function, even outside the context of the competition.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Debate_Game">Debate Game</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>In 2018, OpenAI launched the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such an approach may assist in auditing AI decisions and in developing explainable AI.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dactyl">Dactyl</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>Dactyl uses machine learning to train a robot Shadow Hand from scratch, using the same reinforcement learning algorithm code that OpenAI Five uses. The robot hand is trained entirely in physically inaccurate simulation.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generative_models">Generative models</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GPT">GPT</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>The original paper on generative pre-training (GPT) of a language model was written by Alec Radford and colleagues, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. It showed how a generative model of language is able to acquire world knowledge and process long-range dependencies by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GPT-2">GPT-2</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2, commonly known by its abbreviated form GPT-2, is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to GPT. GPT-2 was first announced in February 2019, with only limited demonstrative versions initially released to the public. The full version of GPT-2 was not immediately released out of concern over potential misuse, including applications for writing fake news. Some experts expressed skepticism that GPT-2 posed a significant threat. The Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded to GPT-2 with a tool to detect "neural fake news". Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would drown out all other speech and be impossible to filter". In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language model. Several websites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models.
</p><p>GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language models to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 achieving state-of-the-art accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples). The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly over 8 million documents for a total of 40 GB of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This allows to represent any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GPT-3">GPT-3</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>Generative Pre-traineda Transformer 3, commonly known by its abbreviated form GPT-3, is an unsupervised Transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. It was first described in May 2020. OpenAI stated that full version of GPT-3 contains 175 billion parameters, two orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion parameters in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million parameters were also trained).
</p><p>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 succeeds at certain "meta-learning" tasks. It can generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The paper gives an example of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning between English and Romanian, and between English and German.
</p><p>GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling up of language models could be approaching or encountering the fundamental capability limitations of predictive language models. Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-daysb of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. Like that of its predecessor, GPT-3's fully trained model was not immediately released to the public on the grounds of possible abuse, though OpenAI planned to allow access through a paid cloud API after a two-month free private beta that began in June 2020.
</p><p>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>OpenAI's MuseNet (2019) is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can generate songs with ten different instruments in fifteen different styles. According to <i>The Verge</i>, a song generated by MuseNet tends to start out reasonably but then fall into chaos the longer it plays.
</p><p>OpenAI's Jukebox (2020) is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a snippet of lyrics, and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the songs "show local musical coherence, follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. <i>The Verge</i> stated "It's technologically impressive, even if the results sound like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while <i>Business Insider</i> stated "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate".
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="API">API</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language AI task."
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Video_game_bots_and_benchmarks">Video game bots and benchmarks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="OpenAI_Five">OpenAI Five</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>OpenAI Five is the name of a team of five OpenAI-curated bots that are used in the competitive five-on-five video game <i>Dota 2</i>, who learn to play against human players at a high skill level entirely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before becoming a team of five, the first public demonstration occurred at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship tournament for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live 1v1 matchup. After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of real time, and that the learning software was a step in the direction of creating software that can handle complex tasks like a surgeon. The system uses a form of reinforcement learning, as the bots learn over time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives.
</p><p>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of five and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against professional players, but ended up losing both games. In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. The bots' final public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GYM_Retro">GYM Retro</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning research on games. Gym Retro is used to conduct research on RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior research in RL has mostly focused on optimizing agents to solve single tasks. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize between games with similar concepts but different appearances.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-33886821186230032242021-01-16T05:52:00.001-08:002021-01-16T05:52:32.208-08:00Notes<br/><br/><br/>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-20036336107445664642020-12-02T04:47:00.001-08:002020-12-02T04:47:05.096-08:00OpenAI<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2717" data-file-width="5408" decoding="async" height="191" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/380px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/570px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/760px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" width="380"/><br/><br/><br/><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates">Coordinates: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°45′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°24′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7623°N 122.4148°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7623; -122.4148</span></span></span></span></span></span>
</p><p><b>OpenAI</b> is an artificial intelligence research laboratory consisting of the for-profit corporation <b>OpenAI LP</b> and its parent company, the non-profit <b>OpenAI Inc.</b> The company, considered a competitor to DeepMind, conducts research in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) with the stated goal of promoting and developing friendly AI in a way that benefits humanity as a whole. The organization was founded in San Francisco in late 2015 by Elon Musk, Sam Altman, and others, who collectively pledged US$1 billion. Musk resigned from the board in February 2018 but remained a donor. In 2019, OpenAI LP received a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 billion investment from Microsoft.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-54587186875469035652020-12-02T04:46:00.003-08:002020-12-02T04:46:35.146-08:00History<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2717" data-file-width="5408" decoding="async" height="191" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/380px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/570px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/760px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" width="380"/><br/><br/><br/><p>In October 2015, Elon Musk, Sam Altman, and other investors announced the formation of OpenAI and pledged over <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1 billion to the venture. The organization stated they would "freely collaborate" with other institutions and researchers by making its patents and research open to the public.
</p><p>On April 27, 2016, OpenAI released a public beta of "OpenAI Gym", its platform for reinforcement learning research.
</p><p>On December 5, 2016, OpenAI released Universe, a software platform for measuring and training an AI's general intelligence across the world's supply of games, websites and other applications.
</p><p>On February 21, 2018, Musk resigned his board seat, citing "a potential future conflict (of interest)" with Tesla AI development for self driving cars, but remained a donor.
</p><p>As of 2020, OpenAI is headquartered in San Francisco's Mission District, and shares the former Pioneer Trunk Factory building with Neuralink, another company co-founded by Musk.
</p><p>Following OpenAI's transition from non-profit to for-profit the company distributed equity to its employees and partnered with Microsoft Corporation, who announced an investment package of US$1 billion into the company. OpenAI then announced its intention to commercially license its technologies, with Microsoft as its preferred partner.
</p><p>In June 2020, OpenAI announced GPT-3, a language model trained on trillions of words from the Internet. It also announced that an associated API, named simply "the API", would form the heart of its first commercial product. GPT-3 is aimed at natural language answering of questions, but it can also translate between languages and coherently generate improvised text.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Participants">Participants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><ul><li>CEO: Sam Altman, former president of the startup accelerator Y Combinator</li>
<li>Ilya Sutskever, Research director, a former Google expert on machine learning</li>
<li>CTO: Greg Brockman, former CTO of Stripe</li></ul><p>Other backers of the project include:
</p><ul><li>Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder</li>
<li>Peter Thiel, PayPal co-founder</li>
<li>Jessica Livingston, a founding partner of Y Combinator</li></ul><p>Companies:
</p><ul><li>Infosys, an Indian IT firm</li>
<li>Microsoft's cloud services division</li></ul><p>The group started in early January 2016 with nine researchers. According to <i>Wired</i>, Brockman met with Yoshua Bengio, one of the "founding fathers" of the deep learning movement, and drew up a list of the "best researchers in the field". Microsoft's Peter Lee stated that the cost of a top AI researcher exceeds the cost of a top NFL quarterback prospect. While OpenAI pays corporate-level (rather than nonprofit-level) salaries, it doesn't currently pay AI researchers salaries comparable to those of Facebook or Google. Nevertheless, Sutskever stated that he was willing to leave Google for OpenAI "partly of because of the very strong group of people and, to a very large extent, because of its mission." Brockman stated that "the best thing that I could imagine doing was moving humanity closer to building real AI in a safe way." OpenAI researcher Wojciech Zaremba stated that he turned down "borderline crazy" offers of two to three times his market value to join OpenAI instead.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-61116631963537461362020-12-02T04:46:00.001-08:002020-12-02T04:46:16.553-08:00Motives<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" width="220"/><br/><br/><br/><p>Some scientists, such as Stephen Hawking and Stuart Russell, have articulated concerns that if advanced AI someday gains the ability to re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate, an unstoppable "intelligence explosion" could lead to human extinction. Musk characterizes AI as humanity's "biggest existential threat." OpenAI's founders structured it as a non-profit so that they could focus its research on creating a positive long-term human impact.
</p><p>Musk and Altman have stated they are motivated in part by concerns about the existential risk from artificial general intelligence. OpenAI states that "it's hard to fathom how much human-level AI could benefit society," and that it is equally difficult to comprehend "how much it could damage society if built or used incorrectly". Research on safety cannot safely be postponed: "because of AI's surprising history, it's hard to predict when human-level AI might come within reach." OpenAI states that AI "should be an extension of individual human wills and, in the spirit of liberty, as broadly and evenly distributed as possible...", and which sentiment has been expressed elsewhere in reference to a potentially enormous class of AI-enabled products: "Are we really willing to let our society be infiltrated by autonomous software and hardware agents whose details of operation are known only to a select few? Of course not." Co-chair Sam Altman expects the decades-long project to surpass human intelligence.
</p><p>Vishal Sikka, former CEO of Infosys, stated that an "openness" where the endeavor would "produce results generally in the greater interest of humanity" was a fundamental requirement for his support, and that OpenAI "aligns very nicely with our long-held values" and their "endeavor to do purposeful work". Cade Metz of <i>Wired</i> suggests that corporations such as Amazon may be motivated by a desire to use open-source software and data to level the playing field against corporations such as Google and Facebook that own enormous supplies of proprietary data. Altman states that Y Combinator companies will share their data with OpenAI.
</p><p>In 2019, OpenAI became a for profit company called OpenAI LP to secure additional funding while staying controlled by a non-profit called OpenAI Inc in a structure that OpenAI calls "capped-profit", having previously been a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-64422014360238424092020-12-02T04:45:00.005-08:002020-12-02T04:45:56.430-08:00Strategy<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" width="220"/><br/><br/><br/><p>Musk posed the question: "what is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a way that is safe and is beneficial to humanity." Musk acknowledged that "there is always some risk that in actually trying to advance (friendly) AI we may create the thing we are concerned about"; nonetheless, the best defense is "to empower as many people as possible to have AI. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower."
</p><p>Musk and Altman's counter-intuitive strategy of trying to reduce the risk that AI will cause overall harm, by giving AI to everyone, is controversial among those who are concerned with existential risk from artificial intelligence. Philosopher Nick Bostrom is skeptical of Musk's approach: "If you have a button that could do bad things to the world, you don't want to give it to everyone." During a 2016 conversation about the technological singularity, Altman said that "we don't plan to release all of our source code" and mentioned a plan to "allow wide swaths of the world to elect representatives to a new governance board". Greg Brockman stated that "Our goal right now... is to do the best thing there is to do. It's a little vague."
</p><p>Conversely, OpenAI's initial decision to withhold GPT-2 due to a wish to "err on the side of caution" in the presence of potential misuse, has been criticized by advocates of openness. Delip Rao, an expert in text generation, stated "I don't think OpenAI spent enough time proving GPT- was actually dangerous." Other critics argued that open publication is necessary to replicate the research and to be able to come up with countermeasures.
</p><p>In the 2017 tax year, OpenAI spent US$7.9 million, or a quarter of its functional expenses, on cloud computing alone. In comparison, DeepMind's total expenses in 2017 were much larger, measuring US$442 million. In Summer 2018, simply training OpenAI's <i>Dota 2</i> bots required renting 128,000 CPUs and 256 GPUs from Google for multiple weeks. According to OpenAI, the capped-profit model adopted in March 2019 allows OpenAI LP to legally attract investment from venture funds, and in addition, to grant employees stakes in the company, the goal being that they can say "I'm going to Open AI, but in the long term it's not going to be disadvantageous to us as a family." Many top researchers work for Google Brain, DeepMind, or Facebook, Inc., which offer stock options that a nonprofit would be unable to. In June 2019, OpenAI LP raised a billion dollars from Microsoft, a sum which OpenAI plans to have spent "within five years, and possibly much faster". Altman has stated that even a billion dollars may turn out to be insufficient, and that the lab may ultimately need "more capital than any non-profit has ever raised" to achieve AGI.
</p><p>The transition from a nonprofit to a capped-profit company was viewed with skepticism by Oren Etzioni of the nonprofit Allen Institute for AI, who agreed that wooing top researchers to a nonprofit is difficult, but stated "I disagree with the notion that a nonprofit can't compete" and pointed to successful low-budget projects by OpenAI and others. "If bigger and better funded was always better, then IBM would still be number one." Following the transition, public disclosure of the compensation of top employees at OpenAI LP is no longer legally required. The nonprofit, OpenAI Inc., is the sole controlling shareholder of OpenAI LP. OpenAI LP, despite being a for-profit company, retains a formal fiduciary responsibility to OpenAI's Inc.'s nonprofit charter. A majority of OpenAI Inc.'s board is barred from having financial stakes in OpenAI LP. In addition, minority members with a stake in OpenAI LP are barred from certain votes due to conflict of interest. Some researchers have argued that OpenAI LP's switch to for-profit status is inconsistent with OpenAI's claims to be "democratizing" AI. A journalist in Vice News wrote that "generally, we've never been able to rely on venture capitalists to better humanity".
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-19547044876759914972020-12-02T04:45:00.003-08:002020-12-02T04:45:36.136-08:00Products and applications<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="627" data-file-width="577" decoding="async" height="239" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" width="220"/><br/><br/><br/><p>OpenAI's research tend to focus on reinforcement learning. OpenAI is viewed as an important competitor to DeepMind.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gym">Gym</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>Gym aims to provide an easy to set up, general-intelligence benchmark with a wide variety of different environments—somewhat akin to, but broader than, the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge used in supervised learning research—and that hopes to standardize the way in which environments are defined in AI research publications, so that published research becomes more easily reproducible. The project claims to provide the user with a simple interface. As of June<span class="nowrap"> </span>2017, Gym can only be used with Python. As of September 2017, the Gym documentation site was not maintained, and active work focused instead on its GitHub page.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="RoboSumo">RoboSumo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>In "RoboSumo", virtual humanoid "metalearning" robots initially lack knowledge of how to even walk, and given the goals of learning to move around, and pushing the opposing agent out of the ring. Through this adversarial learning process, the agents learn how to adapt to changing conditions; when an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to balance in a generalized way. OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argues for that competition between agents can create an intelligence "arms race" that can increase an agent's ability to function, even outside the context of the competition.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Debate_Game">Debate Game</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>In 2018, OpenAI launched the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such an approach may assist in auditing AI decisions and in developing explainable AI.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dactyl">Dactyl</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><p>Dactyl uses machine learning to train a robot Shadow Hand from scratch, using the same reinforcement learning algorithm code that OpenAI Five uses. The robot hand is trained entirely in physically inaccurate simulation.
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Generative_models">Generative models</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GPT">GPT</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>The original paper on generative pre-training (GPT) of a language model was written by Alec Radford and colleagues, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. It showed how a generative model of language is able to acquire world knowledge and process long-range dependencies by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GPT-2">GPT-2</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2, commonly known by its abbreviated form GPT-2, is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to GPT. GPT-2 was first announced in February 2019, with only limited demonstrative versions initially released to the public. The full version of GPT-2 was not immediately released out of concern over potential misuse, including applications for writing fake news. Some experts expressed skepticism that GPT-2 posed a significant threat. The Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded to GPT-2 with a tool to detect "neural fake news". Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would drown out all other speech and be impossible to filter". In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language model. Several websites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models.
</p><p>GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language models to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 achieving state-of-the-art accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples). The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly over 8 million documents for a total of 40 GB of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This allows to represent any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GPT-3">GPT-3</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>Generative Pre-traineda Transformer 3, commonly known by its abbreviated form GPT-3, is an unsupervised Transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. It was first described in May 2020. OpenAI stated that full version of GPT-3 contains 175 billion parameters, two orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion parameters in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million parameters were also trained).
</p><p>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 succeeds at certain "meta-learning" tasks. It can generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The paper gives an example of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning between English and Romanian, and between English and German.
</p><p>GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling up of language models could be approaching or encountering the fundamental capability limitations of predictive language models. Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-daysb of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. Like that of its predecessor, GPT-3's fully trained model was not immediately released to the public on the grounds of possible abuse, though OpenAI planned to allow access through a paid cloud API after a two-month free private beta that began in June 2020.
</p><p>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>OpenAI's MuseNet (2019) is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can generate songs with ten different instruments in fifteen different styles. According to <i>The Verge</i>, a song generated by MuseNet tends to start out reasonably but then fall into chaos the longer it plays.
</p><p>OpenAI's Jukebox (2020) is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a snippet of lyrics, and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the songs "show local musical coherence, follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. <i>The Verge</i> stated "It's technologically impressive, even if the results sound like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while <i>Business Insider</i> stated "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate".
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="API">API</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language AI task."
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Video_game_bots_and_benchmarks">Video game bots and benchmarks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h3><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="OpenAI_Five">OpenAI Five</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>OpenAI Five is the name of a team of five OpenAI-curated bots that are used in the competitive five-on-five video game <i>Dota 2</i>, who learn to play against human players at a high skill level entirely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before becoming a team of five, the first public demonstration occurred at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship tournament for the game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live 1v1 matchup. After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of real time, and that the learning software was a step in the direction of creating software that can handle complex tasks like a surgeon. The system uses a form of reinforcement learning, as the bots learn over time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives.
</p><p>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of five and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against professional players, but ended up losing both games. In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the reigning world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. The bots' final public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competition, winning a percentage of 99.4% of those games.
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="GYM_Retro">GYM Retro</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket"></span></span></h4><p>Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning research on games. Gym Retro is used to conduct research on RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior research in RL has mostly focused on optimizing agents to solve single tasks. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize between games with similar concepts but different appearances.
</p>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7188488364039620794.post-58667740224048039302020-12-02T04:45:00.001-08:002020-12-02T04:45:07.719-08:00Notes<br/><br/><br/>Alicahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15463807032172202914noreply@blogger.com0